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Light-Technology: Free Energy, Theory, Devices and Progess/ Review of
Free Energy Experiments
REVIEW OF FREE ENERGY EXPERIMENTS
Contents:
Abstract
Definitions
Sources of Information and Data
Summary of Interesting Theories, Experiments, and Devices
Possible Misleading Results
Devices of Great Interest
Summary Information and Data
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Footnotes
A Critical Review of the Available Information Regarding Claims of
Zero-Point Energy, Free-Energy, and Over-Unity Experiments and Devices
Patrick G. Bailey P.O. Box 201 Los Altos, CA 94023-0201
Toby Grotz 760 Prairie Avenue Craig, CO 81625-1346
Abstract
A summary review is presented of the experiments, motors, generators,
devices, and demonstrations that have been reported in the past few
years to produce near-unity or over-unity operation. The concepts of
free-energy, zero-point energy, and over-unity devices are not new,
and many examples of such devices have been built within the last 100
years. 26 researchers are reviewed and 11 are selected for immediate
interest and support. Whether a new form of potential energy can be
demonstrated and successfully utilized within the near future for the
ultimate benefit of the human race remains to be seen.
Definitions
'Energy' cannot be created nor destroyed - it exists throughout space
and within matter. 'Perpetual Motion' does not exist - long lasting
motion is easily observable, such as planetary orbits. 'Stupidity' is
not hereditary - and it is not a survival trait.
'Zero-Point Energy' (ZPE) is known as an energy that fills the fabric
of all space. Technically the ZPE results from an electric flux that
flows orthogonally to our perceived dimension or reality. The mass
equivalence of this energy has been calculated by physicists to be on
the order of 1093 gms/cm3. Henry T. Moray, Walter Russell, and Nikola
Tesla described the nature of the ZPE and designed and built equipment
to engineer its properties. It may be possible to build devices to
cohere this energy. This would result in a non-polluting, unlimited
supply of virtually free energy.
'Free Energy' is a term that can have two meanings: either the
additional energy that can be obtained from a device at little or no
additional cost, so the additional energy is essentially free; or more
output energy that appears to be available than input energy, such as
in the case of detonating an atomic bomb.
'Over-unity Devices' are those systems which appear to produce more
energy than they use. In analyzing such systems, a box is drawn around
the device and energy balances are formulated to measure the amounts
of energy coming into and out of that box. Whether or not the device
is termed an 'over-unity' device will depend upon the size of the box.
When the box is drawn large enough, all systems or devices will have a
net energy transfer of zero. On the other hand, when the box is drawn
just small enough, the device can be said to be an 'over-unity'
device, and an intelligent physicist will know better.
From this point of view, examples of existing so-called free-energy
devices abound: such as Hoover Dam. So then is any generator, or any
nuclear reactor. More energy certainly comes out of a dam than went in
to making it (by us, at least). And any dam engineer will tell you
that it will produce more energy than it cost to build and that it
will last forever (or at least until his kids get out of college). So
it is seen that these generators can be thought of as free-energy
devices, while they are really only energy conversion devices, and
obviously not perpetual motion machines. People who insist that they
actually are, are either very ignorant or very devious. In such cases,
examine the person's true motives. [Another 'free-energy' device of
increasingly note-worthy attention is the Federal Reserve, which is
not an agency of the US government. (Figgie 1992)]
Sources of Information and Data
Ultimately, the sources for all information in these areas come from
the inventors, researchers, or investigators themselves. The US and
foreign patent offices provide some information into new developments
in these areas, yet the actual patents reveal very little useful
information and almost no experimental results. Patent law does not
require complete disclosure of all data, and patents are held
nationally. An interesting area of big business today is the
international transfer of patents at no cost.
Other sources of information and data include papers, reports, books,
and conference proceedings. Papers and books that are of special
interest are those by Hans Coler (1946), the Gravity Research Group
(GRG 1956), Stefan Marinov (1992), Hans Nieper (1984), and Shinichi
Seike (1992). Conferences that have been recently held to collect and
summarize information in these areas include the 26th and 27th
Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conferences (1991 and 1992)
and the more recent International Symposium on New Energy (ISNE)
(April 1993). All of these materials are available from the sources
identified in the references section. As a result of a 1993 ISNE
working group, the working devices were categorized into four distinct
areas: (1) Solid-State Space-Energy Generators, (2) Rotating
Space-Energy Machines, (3) Fusion Conversion Devices, and (4) Hydrogen
Energy.
Summary of Interesting Theories, Experiments, and Devices
"Some things have to be believed to be seen." [1]
There are several societies and conferences world-wide that present
and sometimes document the results of research in these areas. As this
work is not considered as mainstream science within the US, much of
the results of these researchers goes by unnoticed. The 26th IECEC
(1991) provided a forum for researchers in these areas to voluntarily
come forward and present their ideas, theories, and results to the
mainstream scientific community. They were met with interest ranging
from mistrust to awe, and from feelings ranging from friendship to
outright anger. The ranges of these attitudes will likely depend upon
the emotional stability of the listeners.
The 26th IECEC created international interest that stimulated further
review papers to be published in the later IECECs. A growing group of
organizations is networking on a world-wide basis to support and
organize this on-going research. Some of these organizations are
listed in the references (AREI, AFS, GRI, IASA, INE, ITS, JPI, SEA,
TI, and USP). "New Energy News" is the new monthly newsletter of
Institute for New Energy (INE), a recently formed US technical
society, created in April 1993, that is committed to researching these
technical areas. Note that the references include complete and
accurate address and cost information, so that serious investigators
have no excuse to not investigate.
This review includes all of the information that was made available to
the 1991 IECEC, the 1992 IECEC, the 1993 International Symposium on
New Energy (ISNE), and other contributed personal source information
and documents. Our focus here is on actual data and results - not on
ideas or mathematical theories. Our emphasis here is on repeatable
experimental evidence - or on the documented testimony of multiple
reliable witnesses that have been willing to stand-up, testify, and
document a description of what they witnessed.
Just because you don't see it doesn't mean that it's not real!
The list of the researchers, experiments, devices, and results that
were addressed in this review are listed in Table 1. The reference
corresponding to each researcher is also listed. Videotapes were made
of all ref. speakers at the 1991 IECEC and the 1993 ISNE.
Possible Misleading Results
"But goodness alone is never enough. A hard, cold wisdom is required
for goodness to accomplish good." [2]
We feel that the interpretation of anyone's results can fall into one
of four categories: (1) Lying for attention; (2) Lying for money
(funding, stock options, etc.); (3) Inaccurate measurement or
misinterpretation of the data or results; and (4) Accurate
representation of the physical phenomena. In our reviews, we found
absolutely no evidence that any one of the researchers we studied in
Table 1 belonged specifically in categories (1) or (2) (although so
far as we know three of these researchers have not been able to
replicate their initial published results). Frauds are quickly
discovered, if encouraged to reproduce their results and to provide
detailed information. So, we were left to carefully analyze the
results from each researcher and to carefully draw our own
conclusions.
Table 1. A Listing of Researchers and their Experiments and/or Devices
of Current Interest
Researcher(s) Experiments, Devices, and Demonstrations References
Adams, Robert Adams Pulsed Motor Generator and Replication Adams 1993
Baumann, Paul Methernitha Swiss M-L Converter Device
et. al. Demonstrations IECEC 1991
Bedini, John Bedini Free Energy Generator Plans and
Demonstrations IECEC 1991
Binder, Timothy Russell's Nuclear-Magnetic Transmutation ISNE 1993
Experiments
Brown, Paul Nuclear Resonant Generators and Demonstrations IECEC 1991
Coler, Hans Magnetstromapparat and Stromerzeuger Coler 1946
Devices / Demos.
Grotz, Toby Russell's Power Multiplication Principle IECEC 1992,
Experiments ISNE 1993
Hathaway, Unipolar Dynamo of Novel Construction IECEC 1991,
George Experiments ISNE 1993
Hickox, Barbara Electric Dynamo Patent IECEC 1991
Johnson, Gary Electrically Induced Explosions in IECEC 1992
Water Experiments
Kelly, Don Electromagnetic Antigravity Drop Tests ISNE 1993,
SEA
Lambertson, WIN Process IECEC 1991
Wingate
Marinov, Stefan Venetin Coliu Generator Demonstrations ISNE 1993
McKie, Richard Power On Demand Module Concept (PODMOD) IECEC 1991
Meyer, Stanley Water Fuel Cell Demonstrations ISNE 1993
Moray, John T. Henry Moray's Radiant Energy Device IECEC 1991
and Kevin
Muller, William Muller Motor/Generator IECEC 1991
Newman, Joseph Magnetic Fields Utilization Energy Machine Newman 1993
dePalma, Bruce N-Machine Experiments IECEC 1991
Pappas, Panos Energy Creation in Sparks and IECEC 1991
Discharges Experiments
Reed, Troy Reed Magnetic Motor Experiments IECEC 1991,
and Evelyn ISNE 1993
Seike, Shinichi Negative Energy and Landau Oscillator Seike 1992
Experiments
Storms, Edmund Established Cold Fusion and Reproducible IECEC 1993
Results
Sweet, Floyd Vacuum Triode Assembly Device Demonstrations IECEC 1991
Tewari, Space Power Generator Experiments ISNE 1993
Paramahamsa
Valone, Thomas Homopolar Generator Experiments IECEC 1991,
ISNE 1993
While on one hand some researchers may possibly be overstating the
capabilities and results of their experiments and devices, on the
other hand many so-called 'scientific experts' are very active in
discounting all of the research results in these areas without
investigating the details of any of them. "The Nobel chemist Irving
Langmuir (1881-1957) used to give a cautionary talk on pathological
science, and ... told a number of stories of pathological science and
listed the features they have in common." (Cromer, Skeptical Inquirer,
1993). In his eight page article, Cromer states that there are many
lessons from this: "(1) Scientists themselves are often poor judges of
the scientific process; (2) Scientific research is very difficult.
Anything that can go wrong will go wrong; (3) Science isn't dependent
on the honesty or wisdom of scientists. (4) Real discoveries of
phenomena contrary to all previous scientific experience are very
rare, while fraud, fakery, foolishness, and error resulting from
overenthusiasm and delusion are all too common. Thus, Glashow's
closed-minded 'I don't believe a word of it' is going to be correct
far more often than not." Cromer also cites Langmuir as saying
(Langmuir 1989): "There are cases where there is no dishonesty
involved, but where people are tricked into false results by a lack of
understanding about what human beings can do to themselves in the way
of being led astray by subjective effects, wishful thinking, or
threshold interactions. These are examples of pathological science.
These are things that attracted a great deal of attention. ... [But]
the critics can't reproduce the effects. Only the supporters could do
that. In the end, nothing was salvaged. Why should there be? There
isn't anything there. There never was."
Our sincere response to you is: If there is no initial interest - then
there will be no investigation. If there is no investigation, there
will be no research to replicate. Your interest will spark the urge to
replicate. If there is interest, research, and no replication, then
that fact should be published and disseminated with integrity. If
there are witnesses to the results and the results were or are
repeatable, then we feel the fault and blame lies with the critic and
not with the researcher. Therefore, given the experiments and devices
referenced in this paper: Demand that they be tested with an open
mind! One success out of all of the failures is more than worth the
effort!
Devices of Great Interest
"Grant shook his head. It's been discussed, in the field. Many people
imagined it was coming. But not so soon." "Story of our species,
Malcolm said laughing. Everybody knows it's coming, but not so soon."
[3]
Table 2. A Listing of Promising Devices of Great Interest with
Documented Demonstrations
Researcher(s) Effects Observed Yrs Cat Doc MWs RDs Res Eff
Baumann, Over-Unity, Rotating, 1984+ 2 Y Y Y N N
Paul et. al. Self-Sustaining
Binder, Chemical Dependency 1927+ 1 Y Y Y Y N
Timothy on E-M
Coler, Hans Gravitational Field 1942+ 1 Y Y Y N N
Generator
Grotz, Toby Over-Unity, 1961+ 1 Y Y N Y N
Rotational Generator
Kelly, Don E-M Field Drop Tests 1992+ 1 Y N Y Y N
& Oscillators
Marinov, Anti-Lenz Effect 1988+ 1 Y Y Y Y N
Stefan Motor/Generator
Meyer, Stanley Energy from Water, 1980s 4 Y Y Y Y N
H2 Fracturing
Moray, John Over-Unity, 1930s 1 Y Y Y N N
and Kevin Self-Sustaining Device
Storms, Edmund Over-Unity Thermal, 1990s 3 Y Y Y Y N
Cold Fusion
Sweet, Floyd Over-Unity, 1990s 1 Y Y Y N N
Steady-Variable Device
Tewari, Over-Unity Rotational 1993 2 Y N Y Y N
Paramahamsa N-Machine
Key:
Yrs Years the Effects were observed.
Cat Categories 1 through 4, as defined under 'Sources of Information
and Data.'
Doc Documentation Exists (Yes or No) (Y/N).
MWs Multiple Witnesses Testimony (Y/N).
RDs Repeated Demonstrations (Y/N).
Res Currently Being Researched (Y/N).
Eff Large Research Effort (Y/N).
The researchers and the works that we feel are worthy of great
attention in the near future are those that are listed in Table 2. It
should be noted that some researchers have been omitted from Table 2
only because either their work is of a proprietary or confidential
nature, or because we could not obtain the required data or
documentation from witnesses. Such researchers include: Paul Brown,
Bruce dePalma, and the Reeds. All of the researchers listed in Table 1
and not listed in Table 2 have provided and we trust will continue to
provide important contributions to and documentation of their work. In
fact, some of this work may be turn out to be more important than
those currently listed in Table 2. However, at the present moment of
time as this paper is being written, we considered those devices
listed in Table 2 to be of the greatest interest to us.
Summary Information and Data
The Methernitha Swiss M-L Converter developed by Paul Baumann and the
Methernitha spiritual community in Switzerland has been repeatedly
demonstrated to many scientists upon request (26th IECEC, Nieper 1984,
SEA). Its three foot counter-rotating disks and specially designed
energy storage system are reported to generate a steady output power
of about 3 to 5 kilo-Watts (kW) indefinitely - while sitting on top of
a table. A videotape has been produced and its narration has been
transcribed.
Tim Binder and his team have replicated the 1927 experiments of Walter
Russell and have created fluorine from pure water vapor using complex
E- M field arrangements. This work validates Russell's theories about
nuclear structure and the proper arrangement of the Periodic Table of
the Elements.
Hans Coler demonstrated two major devices to many amazed witnesses and
officials in Germany during 1925-1945. A 60 kW device was built in
1937, and the war bombings ended further research in 1944. A complete
32 page report declassified by the British Intelligence Objectives
Sub- Committee is available. (Coler 1946, Nieper 1984) The theories
expressed are very similar to those presented in a comprehensive
report (GRG 1956) (the latest one we could find so far) on
electrogravitics systems, interactions of E-M with gravity, or
counterbary control devices.
Toby Grotz and his team are planning to replicate the energy
experiments of Walter Russell. In the fall of 1959, General Chapman,
Colonel Fry, Major Sargent, Major Cripe, and others from NORAD in
Colorado Springs, attended a meeting at Swannanoa, Virginia
(University Of Science And Philosophy) at the invitation of Walter
Russell. At this meeting Russell explained the workings of a device he
proposed to build to take advantage of the vacuum state energy, and
the two directional movement of energy from gravitation, (generation),
to radiation, (degeneration). During the following year Russell, his
wife, Lao, and their assistants built the device. The prototype that
was built consisted of two sets of dual and magnetically-sexed coils.
On September 10, 1961, Walter and Lao Russell reported to their
contacts at NORAD, that the coils had worked and that the President of
the United States could announce to the world that a "greater, safer
power than atomic energy" could be provided for industry and
transportation.
Don Kelly is the editor of the Space Energy Newsletter (SEA) and has
been conducting and reporting results of E-M to gravity drop tests. He
finds that energized coil assemblies have a 40% lag in drop time over
about five feet. Other related research world-wide verifies that
spinning masses appear to lose weight at high rotational speeds.
Stefan Marinov is the editor of Deutsche Physik in Germany and has
demonstrated many experiments that confound conventional E-M theory.
His recent paper describes devices that create anti-Lenz effects, thus
increasing the generator's efficiency.
Stanley Meyer has obtained over 28 patents in both the US and other
countries that document his water fuel cell and hydrogen fracturing
process technology. He began this work in 1980 and has spent over $1.6
million. Although he has been approached to sell the technology, he
says he has no intention to do so and plans to retain control to make
sure his invention is brought to the public for the good of mankind.
An informative and recommended videotape of his 1993 ISNE presentation
is available through the INE.
John and Kevin Moray are pursuing the technology that was repeatedly
demonstrated to the press in the 1930s by T. Henry Moray. One device
was reported to generate 50 kW for long periods of time by itself.
Edmund Storms has reviewed much of the work done internationally in
the so-called area of 'cold fusion' and has documented the results and
repeated results of the now world-wide research in this area.
Floyd Sweet demonstrated his vacuum triode device to at least two
expert electronics technicians that have documented their observations
in sworn affidavits. A videotape was also made during a demonstration.
From a nine volt battery starter unit, nearly continuous output powers
of 500 W to 50 kW have been reported to be observed. Experimentation
is still in progress to further refine the device and to improve its
operational capabilities.
Paramahamsa Tewari has been doing experiments with a N-Machine and has
reported over-unity operation from instrument readings. He is
currently performing new experiments to feed the output of the device
back into the input to obtain a 'free-running' condition. Many
researchers have performed experiments with these devices, also
called, homo-polar generators, or unipolar dynamos. They usually
consist of a rotating magnetic disk where electrical current is passed
from the center of the disk to its edge. Small increases in the motor
input power result in large increases of output power, thus
encouraging the idea of an over- unity cross-over point. Regardless of
all of the theory and reasons pro and con, it will be exciting to see
the results of Tewari's forthcoming experiments and videotapes.
It appears that all serious research and development activities in the
energy conversion technologies will continue to be closely monitored
and guarded by the existing oil, transportation, and economics
industries. Serious researchers in these new areas (Meyer,
Methernitha, Sweet) are not allowing "the establishment" to buy them
out. At the same time, there is strong evidence of aggressive
suppression. The German company Becocraft specializing in the
development of "new energy devices" was forcibly shut down and its
president quickly imprisoned on investment fraud charges in a court
case that had only one plaintiff: the Utility Company of Cologne!
(Marinov 1992). All of the investors of Becocraft fought the case to
no avail. Closer to home, the US Patent Office has classified over
3,000 patent devices or applications under the secrecy order, Title
35, U.S. Code (1952) Sections 181-188. Where did that technology go?
These patents would be a great place to start for a new company
involved with defense conversion technologies for environmental use!
Conclusions
"Woe to you, you blind leaders of a hoard of blind, who say: 'This
should be done and that should not be left undone.' You only represent
a false teaching and ignore the laws of Creation." [4]
"It has been said that science is man's futile attempt to understand
Nature. While it becomes important to learn, understand, and apply
science in our everyday lives, it is equally important to continue the
pursuit of unraveling the secrets of Nature." (ISNE 1993, from Forward
1).
If ignorance was a good enough reason to not try, the light bulb would
have never been invented and the Earth would still be flat. Let us be
judged by our work and repeatable results, and not by hasty words. If
some of these works turn out to be not valid: So Be It; Let it Be
Known; and Let's Move Forward with Integrity! We are all desperately
looking for the next big breakthrough in modern physics to assist us
in solving the escalating energy and environment crises! Do something
to promote and encourage the continuation of these researchers and
these works! If you don't do it, who will? If not now, when?
References [5]
26th IECEC, Proceedings of the 26th IECEC, Volume 4, pp 329-492,
August 1991: American Nuclear Society, 555 North Kensington Avenue, La
Grange Park, IL 60525, $275.00.
27th IECEC, Proceedings of the 27th IECEC, Volume, pp 4.357-4.295,
August 1992: Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Order No. P-259, $350.00.
28th IECEC, Proceedings of the 28th IECEC, August 1993: American
Chemical Society, Meetings Department, 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W.,
Washington D.C. 20036, $310.00.
Adams, R. "The Adams Pulsed Motor Generator Manual," Jan. 1993: Nexus
New Times Magazine, PO Box 30, Mapleton Qld 4560, Australia, $50.00.
AERI, Advanced Energy Research Institute, 14 Devonshire Mews West,
London W1N 1FP, Great Britain.
AFS, Academy for Future Sciences, PO Box FE, Los Gatos, CA 95031.
Coler, H., "The Invention of Hans Coler, Relating to an Alleged New
Source of Power," British Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee report
No. 1043 Item 31, 32 pp, Now Unclassified, Summer 1946. (Available
from the authors for $5.00)
Cromer, A., "Pathological Science: An Update," Skeptical Inquirer,
Vol. 17, pp 400-407, 1993.
Figgie, H. E. Jr., Bankruptcy 1995: The Coming Collapse of America and
How to Stop It, Little, Brown and Company, US and Canada, 1992.
GRG, Gravity Research Group, "Electrogravitics Systems: An Examination
of Electrostatic Motion, Dynamic Counterbary, and Barycentric
Control," Feb. 1956: Gravity Research Group report GRG-013/56, Wright
Patterson AFB Technical Library, Catalog No. TL 565 A9, WPAFB, Ohio
45433.
GRI, Group Research Institute, PO Box 438, Nelson, New Zealand.
IASA, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, 4030 Braker Lane W.,
Suite 300, Austin, TX 78759.
INE, Institute for New Energy, 1304 South College Avenue, Fort
Collins, CO 80524, $40.00/yr.
ITS, International Tesla Society, PO Box 5636, Colorado Springs, CO
80931.
ISNE, Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Energy, April
16-18, 1993: International Association for New Science (IANS), 1304
South College Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80524,(303) 482-3731, $45.00
for both the IANS and INE. IANS supports the INE.
JPI, Japan Psychrotronic Institute, c/o Shiuji Inomata,
Electrotechnical Laboratory, 1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305,
Japan. Langmuir, I., "Pathological Science," Physics Today, 42: 36-48,
October 1989.
Marinov, S., "Regarding Becocraft - Letter to Mr. Richard von
Weizsacker, President of the German Federal Republic, 10 October 1992"
, Deutsche Physik, No. 7, East-West Publishers, Morellenfeldgasse 16,
A- 8010 Graz, Austria.
Meyer, S. Water Fuel Cell Technical Brief, July 1991: Stanley A.
Meyer, 3792 Grove City, OH 43123, $25.00.
"New Energy News", PO Box 58639, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-8639:
monthly newsletter free to INE members.
Newman, J., The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman, July 1993: Joseph
Westley Newman, Route 1, Box 52, Lucedale, Miss. 39452, $60.00.
Nieper, H. A., Revolution in Technology, Medicine and Society, MIT
Verlag, Germany, 1984 (In English): Tesla Book Company, PO Box 121873,
Chula Vista, CA 91912, $27.00.
SEA, Space Energy Association, PO Box 11422, Clearwater, FL 34616.
Seike, S., The Principles of Ultra Relativity, 11th Ed., 1992: Space
Research Institute, Box 33, Uwajima, Ehime (798), Japan, $70.00.
Storms, E., "The Status of 'Cold Fusion'," 28th IECEC paper, August
1993.
TI, Tesla Incorporated, 820 Bridger Circle, Craig, CO 81625.
USP, Univ. of Science and Philosophy, Swannanoa Place, Box 520,
Waynesboro, VA 22980.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge these and many other researchers,
scientists, and skeptics that have contributed serious open research
and documentation to boldly advance science and technology for the
benefit of the human race.
Footnotes
1. Poltergeist, Screenplay to the MGM/UA film production and VHS
videotape, 1987.
2. Heinlein, Robert A., Stranger in a Strange Land, Berkley Books,
1982.
3. Crichton, Michael, Jurassic Park, Ballantine Books, 1990.
4. Rashid, Isa; Meier, Eduard. The Talmud of Jmmanuel, 24:29-30,
1990: Wild Flower Press, PO Box 230893, Tigard, Oregon, 97224,
$17.20.
5. Complete addresses and total prices are given.
_________________________________________________________________
This Paper Was Presented and Published at the: 28th Intersociety
Energy Conversion Engineering Conference August 8-13, 1993, in
Atlanta, GA. Proceedings Pages 2.905-2.910.
The Proceedings of the Conference are Available: ISBN 0-8412-2772-5
[See "28th IECEC" in the References]
The paper was also recently published in the New Energy News, Vol. 1,
No. 6, October 1993. [See "INE" and "IANS" in the References]
_________________________________________________________________
Converted by kiwi@iis.ee.ethz.ch
[IMAGE]